Canopy Structure
Forests contain distinct vertical layers supporting diverse species. The overstory includes tall trees forming the canopy, while the understory contains smaller trees and shrubs. The forest floor harbors decomposers, fungi, and ground-dwelling organisms. Each layer creates microhabitats with unique temperature, light, and moisture conditions.
Nutrient Cycling
Forests maintain nutrient cycles through decomposition and uptake. Dead organic matter breaks down, releasing minerals that plants reabsorb. Mycorrhizal fungi form networks connecting tree roots, facilitating nutrient exchange. This cycling supports forest productivity and maintains soil fertility.
Ecological Services
Forests provide essential ecosystem services including carbon storage, water filtration, and erosion control. They regulate local climate through evapotranspiration and shade. Wildlife depends on forests for habitat, while humans benefit from timber, recreation, and other resources. Forest health indicators include biodiversity, canopy coverage, and regeneration rates. Shutdown123